Showing posts with label Martin Luther King. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Martin Luther King. Show all posts

Tuesday, May 7, 2013

50 Years Ago Today in Birmingham, AL Negotiations Begin Ending Jim Crow: Update

Freedom Lifted
News Release

Civil Rights Spotlight:  Birmingham, AL

Birmingham, Alabama was the site of some the Civil Rights Era's most iconic and most contentious struggles. In the early 1960s, Birmingham was one of the most segregated cities in the country. Black citizens faced economic exploitation, political repression, and violence. Between 1948 and 1957, there were 48 unsolved, racially motivated bombings, garnering the nickname "Bombingham" for the city.

Who was "Bull Connor?"

Birmingham was also home to the notorious Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, a strong proponent of segregation. In 1961, when a group of Freedom Riders was being attacked by a local mob, Bull Connor's police force offered them very little protection. Connor was quoted as saying, "If the North keeps trying to shove this thing [desegregation] down our throats, there's going to be bloodshed."

Leading with courage and conviction:  Fred Shuttlesworth

It was in this context that Black citizens of Birmingham began to organize. When Alabama banned the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1956, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, a local Civil Rights leader, formed the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR). In 1962, he invited Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., to come to Birmingham, telling him, "If you come to Birmingham, you will not only gain prestige, but really shake thecountry. If you win in Birmingham, as Birmingham goes, so goes the nation."



What was "Project C?"

In April 1963, Shuttlesworth and King joined together the ACMHR and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to launch "Project C." Project C (for confrontation) was a massive series of direct actions directed at the government and businesses in Birmingham. It launched on April 3 with a number of mass meetings, lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall, and boycotts of downtown merchants. These actions continued until April 10 when the City obtained a court-ordered injunction to stop the protests. Shuttlesworth, King, and the other leaders of Project C debated whether to continue the protests and risk arrest, despite the fact that they had depleted their funds for bail money. The decision was made to continue the actions, and on April 12, King and 50 other protestors were arrested and taken to Birmingham Jail. It was while in solitary confinement there that King wrote his "Letter from Birmingham Jail." He was released April 20.

How did young children make a difference?

With fewer people willing to risk arrests, the Birmingham Campaign was beginning to lose steam.James Bevel, the Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education at SCLC, came up with the idea of involving children and youth in the campaign. He recruited and trained hundreds of young people, from elementary school to college, to be part of the "Children's Crusade." On May 2, over 1,000 students gathered around the 16th Street Baptist Church and began to march through Kelly Ingram Park. Bull Connor was overwhelmed by the size of the protests and had hundreds of students arrested. When the protests continued the next day, Bull Connor ordered the protesters to be attacked by dogs, sprayed with fire hoses, and beaten with police batons. During the protest, Shuttlesworth was injured by a fire hose and hospitalized. The photos and news reports of the brutal treatment of young people at the protests caused international outrage. Over the next several days, protests continued, and the leaders struggled to keep them from becoming violent. Attorney General Robert Kennedy prepared to send the Alabama National Guard into Birmingham.


50 Years Ago Today.
On May 7th, with the city in chaos, white business leaders and the leaders of Birmingham campaign began negotiations. The business leaders asked that the protests be suspended while the negotiations took place. King agreed to call off the protests, which enraged Shuttlesworth, who was still in the hospital. On May 10th, an agreement was reached that promised the removal of "White Only" and "Black Only" signs from public facilities, desegregation of lunch counters, an ongoing program of "upgrading negro employment," the formation of a bi-racial committee to monitor the agreement, and a release of the jailed protestors.
We remember four little girls.

These promises slowly began to be realized in Birmingham. By July, most of the segregation ordinances had been overturned, but some businesses moved slowly in desegregating their facilities. There were also a number of violent responses from segregationists. In the weeks after the agreement, the hotel where King had stayed as well as King's brother's home were bombed. On September 15, the16th Street Baptist Church was bombed, and four young girls were killed. King gave the eulogy at their memorial. 


What Birmingham taught the world.
Some felt the leaders of the Birmingham Campaign had offered too many concessions and not demanded enough of the government and business leaders. However, Shuttlesworth believed the true impact of the Birmingham Campaign was not only local, but in the way it exposed the conditions of black people in the South to the whole nation.

Birmingham Today

Many people and organizations are working in Birmingham today to continue the city's legacy of activism. Check out these great organizations:

The Alabama Coalition for Immigrant Justice (ACIJ) is working to protect and promote civil and human rights in Alabama by exposing rights violations, educating the public and the media, supporting leadership development in immigrant communities, strengthening alliances with communities of faith and concerned citizens, and fighting anti-immigrant legislation.

Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) is an interpretive museum that showcases Birmingham's role in the Civil Rights Movement. In addition, the BCRI hosts educational events including workshops for teachers, commemorations of social movement history, conferences on the role of youth activism, and more.

The National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ) seeks to fight bias, bigotry and racism and to promote respect and understanding among all races, religions and cultures through education, conflict resolution and advocacy. NCCJ hosts leadership programs for youth and adults, interfaith dialogues, and diversity training and consulting.

Thursday, June 14, 2012

Civil Rights Author Releases Autopsy of Mississippi Lawyer; Death of Cleve McDowell 'Still a Mystery'



For Immediate Release
Susan Klopfer
Civil Rights Author, Speaker


Mississippi Civil Rights Author Releases Autopsy of Delta Lawyer Murdered in 1997; Report Found in Sunflower County Courthouse Basement 'Leaves Open Questions About What Really Happened to Cleve McDowell'

(Gallup, NM) – A controversial autopsy of a civil rights lawyer murdered in 1997 has been placed on the Internet “for the public to see” by the author of three Mississippi civil rights history books and eBooks.

“I still think about Cleve McDowell, how brave he was and how he remains a forgotten civil rights hero. And I believe his murder should be reinvestigated,” Klopfer said today, after placing the 29-page report on a civil rights blog, MississippiSovereigntyCommission.com. 

Klopfer, a graduate of Hanover College, is the author of Who Killed Emmett Till, The Emmett Till Story, and Where Rebels Roost, Mississippi Civil Rights Revisited. She is a former acquisitions and development editor for Prentice Hall, and has won journalism awards in Branson, Missouri for her investigative work.

The story of Cleve McDowell, a small-town civil rights leader who investigated the murder of Emmett Till and so many others killed in the civil rights movement has been “pretty much” forgotten, Klopfer said.

“Go to Mississippi’s state civil rights library that houses civil rights reports and books, and ask for something on McDowell. Most likely, you will get a blank stare. The state has forgotten this man – the first African American to be admitted to the University of Mississippi’s law school – and a cohort of James Meredith and Medger Evers.”


McDowell a 'Bad' Lawyer, Delta Matron Claims

Klopfer said she learned of McDowell only because she asked a simple question about a gate protecting an unfinished home on the outskirts of Drew, Miss., where McDowell was born and later murdered.


“I was riding in a car with one of the matrons of this small Delta town. I saw the rusted gate and several large stakes driven into the ground. It looked like a construction project that was halted a number of years ago – and it turned out this was a home McDowell was building for himself at the time he was killed.”


Klopfer said she asked the driver of the car, a woman she was interviewing at the time on what happened – who abandoned the construction, and why.


“She would not look me in the eyes, but said a ‘bad’ lawyer was murdered, and was building this house at the time. That caught my attention and I started asking people about the ‘bad’ lawyer, and soon I began to piece together his story.


“As it worked out, he was an important person who set several state records for African Americans. His short stay at the University of Mississippi was controversial – he was kicked out for carrying a gun in self-defense. He had been chased by students with guns back to his car, and even when driving home. Nothing happened to the white students, but McDowell was booted out. His law professor helped him get into a Texas law school where he finished, and returned to Mississippi to practice law.


When Klopfer approached the current dean of the law school, asking for the letter of recommendation that was written for McDowell back in 1963, she said he refused to hand it over.


"Several years later, I received a copy of the letter from an archivist at the school. She personally pulled it from law school files so that it would be saved from destruction.”


McDowell's attorney friend 'commits suicide' in Alabama

Klopfer became further intrigued with the story, when learning that another black lawyer, McDowell’s protégé and investigative partner, was killed in Alabama (“committed suicide”) several years before McDowell was murdered.


“McDowell went to Alabama and investigated his friend’s 'suicide.' He knew this man since they were children, and even influenced his decision to become a lawyer.


“When McDowell returned to his Delta home from Montgomery, he told a best friend this was not a suicide, but a murder – there were signs of torture. He also told this friend, he (McDowell) would be next.”


McDowell immediately quit practicing law in his office, and started a small church in Drew where he spent his last years. "His secretary told me that he stayed at the church most of the time, telling her how to proceed. She told me that on the day before he was killed, he wrote a lengthy resume that included all of his accomplishments."


Klopfer personally believes that McDowell and his friend were very likely investigating the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.


“Too many signs point in this direction. McDowell was a friend of King. He worked for the SCLC right out of law school, and on several occasions, Dr. King visited his office in the tiny town of Drew. After learning as much as I could about McDowell, I know that he was a dedicated and persevering man, who investigated many murders in the Delta, and would not have left King’s assassination alone. 


Finds Clue in Lubbock, Texas Newspaper


"In an obituary appearing in a Lubbock, Texas newspaper    where I once worked as a journalist    it was reported that he was known for investigating civil rights crimes, with several other lawyers. Ironically, this information never made it into Mississippi newspapers, as far as I could tell.”


McDowell also had working papers in boxes and in his safe, stashed in his office from various investigations over the years, including the murder of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old Chicago visitor to the Delta who was murdered in 1955.


“Those papers all disappeared following McDowell’s murder. All of his guns were removed from his office and home, too. Months later on, his entire office ‘caught’ on fire.”


A young man was arrested for McDowell’s murder, and remains in prison.


Autopsy Leaves Questions

“In court records that I found in the basement of the Sunflower County Courthouse, I learned that this young man tried to commit suicide while in jail, and that after confessing, he later claimed he did not kill McDowell, that he admitted guilt because he was threatened he would be charged with a capital crime if he did not plead guilty.”


The autopsy leaves some real questions for Kloofer, “after learning how McDowell’s murder was described in court.


“Some pieces don’t fit the puzzle, and I believe that this murder is far more complex than what meets the eye. I never met McDowell, of course, because I did my research in 2004 and 2005. But every time I tried to interview family members and some friends or relatives about him, and about his murder, I ran into a brick wall.


"The person who did the autopsy was frequently questioned by his peers regarding his standards. And then, a host of crime scene questions have not been resolved--in fact, they need to be asked!"


Klopfer said her book, Who Killed Emmett Till, gives "relevant details that have never been resolved" about the murder.


Cleve McDowell’s story may be further complicated, "because he was gay (as were several major iconic civil rights figures, at the time) and he kept this secret quite well. This has made it more difficult to find his true friends, and often when I do, they usually won’t talk because they seem to be either afraid or embarrassed.”


The New Mexico author adds that “so little” is still reported and understood about the entire modern civil rights movement in Mississippi.


“This is a small piece of the big civil rights story, but I would really like to know more truth – for now, I really believe that the case of Cleve McDowell is not closed.”


**Related Links

Saturday, February 27, 2010

Black Civil Rights Activist 'Murdered by Castro Regime'

On Feb 23th Black Human Rights activist Orlando Zapata-Tamayo died after an 83 day hunger strike and a series of savage beatings by his Castroite jailer/torturers.

"Tamayo, a humble rural plumber and bricklayer, had studied the (smuggled) works of Martin Luther King and Mohandas Gandhi and had attempted some "civil disobedience" to protest the Stalinism imposed on Cuba by the Castro brothers, Che Guevara and their Soviet puppeteers," writes Humberto Fontova, author of four books including Fidel: Hollywood's Favorite Tyrant and Exposing the Real Che Guevara.

Shortly after The Congressional Black Caucus visited with Raul Castro last year and returned hailing him as: "one of the most amazing human beings we've ever met! Castro is a very engaging, down-to-earth and kind man!" The Black human rights activist and Martin Luther King disciple, Tamayo, was beaten comatose by his Castroite jailers and left with a life-threatening fractured skull and Subdural Hematoma.

83 days ago, already injured perhaps beyond recovery (certainly with Cuba's medical facilities), and hoping his death might alert a nauseatingly two-faced "international community" to the plight of Castro's subjects, Zapata-Tamayo declared a hunger strike.

"They finally murdered my son," wept Zapata-Tamayo's mother this Feb. 24 upon news of her son's death... "They finally got what they wanted. They ended the life of a fighter for human rights. My son was tortured. . . . I want the world to demand the release of all the other prisoners of conscience and that this not happen again."

Story continued --

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Saturday, January 23, 2010

FBI Won't Open Case Files; Assassination Records of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Still Suppressed

And these are the people who are "solving" the civil rights cold cases?

Nearly half a century after the height of the civil rights movement, hundreds of thousands of pages of government files about the volatile era remain shielded from the American public, buried in FBI field office cabinets, blocked by resistant bureaucracies, or available only with large sections blacked out, according to US officials and researchers.

The situation has prompted a new push in Congress, led by Senator John F. Kerry of Massachusetts, to require that all records relating to the life and death of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. be located, reviewed, and released by a review board at the National Archives similar to those established for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and for Nazi war criminals.

Story Continued--